A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

Tennessee Williams gives insight into three ordinary lives in his play, â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† which is set in the mid-1930’s in New Orleans. The main characters in the play are Blanche, Stanley, and Stella. All three of these characters suffer from personalities that differentiate each of them to great extremes. Because of these dramatic contrarieties in attitudes, there are mounting conflicts between the characters throughout the play. The principal conflict lies between Blanche and Stanley, due to their conflicting ideals of happiness and the way things â€Å"ought to be†. Williams begins by introducing us to the happy couple, Stanley and Stella Kowalski. The two live in a run-down part of New Orleans, but are content in their surroundings and their lifestyle. Stanley Kowalski is a Polish Immigrant who strongly believes in the role of a man in his own household. One may perceive him as being unrefined and rude, due to his blunt nature, but to himself and Stella, it is just his practical attitude towards life. Evident, through his interaction and dialogue with Stella and other characters, is his need to prove his masculinity by being dominant and imposing. In contrast, Stella is overly mild-tempered and always striving to please. Generally, she is able to adapt to all situations. This ability to adapt proves to be useful, as both her husband and her sister, Blanche, have such strong personalities. From the beginning, it is apparent that Stella often plays the peacemaker. She was able to foresee that Stanley and her visiting sister would clash. In hopes of avoiding any confrontation, she warned them both to be on their best behaviour. Stella is soft-spoken, speaking only when it is needed, and expressing her grief only when it overwhelms her, whereas Blanche is the opposite: an outspoken woman, with many opinions. Superficial is the first impression that Blanche gives when she enters the play. Consumed by appearance and face value, she is unable to see that Stella’s new lifestyle is not as horrid as she imagines. In comparison to Belle Reve, it is true that these New Orleans slums may not meet Dubois standards, but Blanche is unable to see beyond the way things appear in order to realize that Stella’s world does not revolve around material items. This flaw is intertwined with her vanity and her need keep up appearances. On the surface, Blanche appears to be snobbish and conceited.

Black Beauty Book Report Essay

Some say that beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. This cliche holds appropriately true for Black Beauty, a novel written and popularized by the crippled writer Anna Sewell (1877). The book tells about the life story of a horse. It answers a person’s curiosity about how a horse feels while surviving the cruelty of men. A heart-wrenching, beautiful, and enlightening tale and animal autobiography, the book gives life and voice to Black Beauty, a majestic horse. Quite believable and unsentimental yet a great read book depicts the life cycle of a horse which, just like any other being that God created, deserves and expects proper treatment from people whom horses regard with respect and unconditional affection. The book revolves around the life of the main character, a very wise horse named Black Beauty. The sufferings and misfortunes of Black Beauty made him rebel against the cruel humans. Some characters of the book include Duchness, the mother of Black Beauty; Ginger a very independent horse; and Merrylegs, the good friend of Black Beauty who has a big love for humans. For the rest of his life, Black Beauty has been put into care of various owners who subjected him to different jobs—from being a riding horse on a country estate to a cab horse in the community. Although he always suffers from the harsh treatment of humans, the strength, gentle mood, and fine inherent aptitude of Black Beauty made him survive. Black Beauty is a true-to-life animal story book that is told from the eyes of the horse, not from a reader’s perspective. Sewell’s (1877) book is an unusual narrative presentation which uses a horse as the first-person narrator as if the horse was the one who actually wrote the book. Black Beauty was considered to be the first book that employed the genre of animal autobiography which was previously seen in a limited fashion. The manner of displaying the literal substance of an animal as an animal itself rather than being presented based from human traits was adapted by other books with related story plots (Napierkowski, 1998). In writing the book, Sewell (1877) aimed at advocating the humane and suitable treatment of horses. Hence, Black Beauty was recognized as the only writing in the literary history with the greatest impact or influence on the treatment of animals. As a result, the book has created and paved the way for a legislation that promotes the welfare of horses. It further altered public orientation about animal pain as well as the conventional and popular activities perceived as the ones that induce suffering for horses (Napierkowski, 1998). A story told using the language and means of communication of a horse, the book tells how Black Beauty was treated with affection and respect when he was a young and healthy horse. It also illustrates how the horse fell into sickness and despair as he was passed from different careless owners. He received a lot of healthy pieces of advice from his mother during his youth. These lectures by his mother laid down the heart of the book and were used by Black Beauty as his life plan as he was passed down from one master to another, all of whom possess different, contrasting personalities—good, cruel and foolish. This first ever full-length book narrated from a horse’s perspective and emotions is a sorrowful story of both the malicious and accidental cruelties that animals receive from the hands of their masters or owners. It is also a book of aesthetic literary work that can bring the reader from the wonders and beauty of an ordinary night in a country community to the power-laced world of Victorian London in the nineteenth century. With its captivating but realistic presentation of the life of an extraordinary horse, the book was able to capture not just the hearts of the young readers but of adults as well. This is because the book generally portrays some similarity to the lives that people and horses experience—that both beings suffer cruelties and happiness. This book helped to the end human cruelty to horses and other animals. It signaled the formation of various animal-rights movements and forced more humane and justified treatment of human cabbies in London and the rest of the world. References Napierkowski, M. R. (1998). Black Beauty: Introduction. Novels for Students, 0. Retrieved February 21, 2008, from eNotes database. Sewell, A. (1877). Black Beauty. Norwich, England: Jarrolds & Sons.

Justice with Michel Sandel

Justice with Michel Sandel Silvia Molina University of Texas at El Paso Justice with Michel Sandel Harvard university professor Dr. Michel Sandel introduces two lecture episodes that discuss a number of philosophy related issues. In the first episode â€Å"The Moral Principles† Dr. Sandel begins the lecture with a story of a trolley cart in a path that may lead kill one, or five people. The decision to kill the one person in oppose to five, is left to a show of hands by participating students. The hypothetical scenario he paints in the story is to introduce moral reasoning.The students then participate in a critical thinking discussion to conclude what would be morality correct, whether to kill the one person so that five should live or vise versa. His story quickly unfolds to introduce two moral principles, one being consequentialist moral reasoning and the second is categorical moral reasoning. In the second part of his first lecture, Dr. Sandel discusses a very popular nine teenth century law case involving an ocean stranded crew of four. Sandel proceeds to initiate the discussion of the principles of utilitarian philosopher, Jeremy Bentham.The inauguration of arguments of utilitarianism follows what is discussed in the second episode â€Å"Putting a Price Tag on Life/How to Measure Pleasure†. The lecture in episode two also includes discussions of critical thinking and arguments by the students to support their contrasting views. Part one of the second episode discusses the cost benefit analysis that companies follow to put a price on human life. The second part in episode two introduces British philosopher John Stuart Mill who argues that utilitarian, those who have experienced high pleasure and lower pleasures will desire the higher pleasure.Utilitarianism is further debated in the lectures of Dr. Sandel as he goes in to details showing how utilitarianism plays a large role in everyday life circumstances as well as in economic situations. The Moral Principal Episode part one opens up with Michel Sandel sharing a story about a trolley cart. The story is as follows, a trolley cart is on a deadly path headed to the fatal crash that will kill five people. The wheel on the trolley cart works and can be steered to kill only one person. The students are asked their educated opinions on what is the right thing to do given the circumstances of the story.Most students answered saving five human lives with the expense of one human life would be the right thing to do. When the story is changed by Dr. Sandel and the human that is to save the lives of the five others is murdered the students opinions change. Sandel then proceeds to introduce the two moral principles that take place which are cosequentialist and categorical. Consequential moral reasoning is one that locates morality in the consequences of an act. Categorical locates morality in certain duties and rights. Both these moral principals where greatly debated by the student s. On the second part Dr.Sandel gives a brief introduction to utilitarianism and the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham. It describes Bentham’s view on the balance of pleasure over pain and the belief of the happiness or well being of the greatest number. The real life case presented, describes four sailors that survive after a massive shipwreck and are now fighting for survival at sea. One of the four sailors gets sick and the others decide to kill him to feed of his body. One of the students finds the idea of cannibalism in the case of necessity morally wrong and that it should not justify murder even though it would keep the rest of the three crew men alive.Another student defended the opposing view, by saying that as humans in a situation like such â€Å"we got to do what we have to do to survive†. Other circumstances are debated and the positions of the students change to be morally ok to have eaten the fourth member of the crew to keep the greater good for the gr eater number. In the opposing view some students still believe that it is morally wrong to not value human life as equally as the weaker sailor. The thoughts of this very famous case are the debates of categorical morality and of Bentham’s idea of the greater good for the greater number.Michel Sandel opens the second episode with a brief history on philosopher Jeremy Bentham. Bentham’s views on utilitarianism is that the highest principal of morality whether personal or political it is to maximize the general welfare or utility. Bentham states that we are all governed by pain and pleasure and must find a balance to achieve the greater good for the greatest number. Maximized utility is best attained when all the benefits are added up and all the costs are subtracted and the result is that happiness is greater than suffering. Dr. Sandel describes utilitarian logic as a cost benefit analysis that many corporations as well as overnments use to give measure to human life us ually in a monetary figure. A cost analysis example is based on a proposal to increase sales tax to cigarette sales in the Czech Republic. The analysis concludes that the Czech government benefits more from smokers. The cost analysis conducted states that the benefits of smoking are greater because smoking increases tax revenue, increases health care savings when people die early, and no more pension payments to those elderly that die early. Therefore the only costs would be an increase health care, which in this case does not outweigh the benefits of smoking.In a way the analysis are giving a monetary value to human life. Another view point by Dr. Sandel, is the Pinto case where a cost analysis was conducted to see if the benefits of adding a protective plate to the car were lower than the costs of human lives affected by not adding a protective plate to the fuel tank of the Pinto car. In argument, the utilitarian principle is discussed by some students that those lives and opinion s of the minority should not be less valuable than those of the majority. Some students believe that no monetary value should be placed on human lives.In other circumstances the students think someone has to make those decisions to be able to adequately take risks in certain situations. The monetary value that is placed on a human life by conducting cost analysis is done for the well being of the greater good to conclude into making important decisions by companies as well as governments. The second part in episode two Dr. Sandel mentions a personal experience that raises the question if all values can be turned into utilitarian terms. The objection to transform all values in to a single uniform measure such as utilitarian is objected by John Steward Mill.Mill believed that utilitarianism can be aligned with defending human rights. Mill also reasons that utilitarianism can distinguish higher pleasures from lower pleasures. The distinction of the lower and higher pleasure can be dist inguished by having experienced both pleasures and one who has experienced both will choose the higher pleasure always. Dr. Sandel proves his point by showing the class three videos in which they must choose one that can be described as the higher pleasure. After the viewing all three videos which were a clip by Hamlet, the other by fear factor, and finally The Simpsons.The class greatly agrees that the majority would pick the highest pleasure to be the clip by Hamlet and that Shakespeare is the highest pleasure out of all three. Exploring further the idea of utilitarianism a series of hypothetical moral reasoning situations can occur in the brother cities of El Paso, TX and Juarez, MX. The drug war happening in the city of Juarez is crucially affecting a developing economy that participates in the NFATA trade agreement. Large corporations have positioned its manufacturing plants to operate in the city of Juarez.With Juarez and El Paso trading goods and money extensively among count ries raises the idea of the following hypothetical scenario. In this hypothetical scenario involves a professional CEO of a major corporation residing in Juarez. The CEO of the corporation lives in El Paso and has to cross the international border to Juarez to be able to attend work on a daily basis. Sadly on any given day the CEO finds himself kidnapped by one of the drug cartels that are at war in Juarez. The drug cartel is asking for five million dollars in ransom for the CEO of the company.Therefore the company is suffering 10 million in losses a day without its CEO leader that conducts all major profitable operations run by him in the company. This scenario brings up the use of cost benefit analysis or utility discussed by Bentham. What would the company do in this situation? What is greater good for the greatest number is the question that should be asked? Would it be worth it to the company to pay the ransom or would the death of the CEO result in greater profit of interest t o the company. This example shows how a cost benefit analysis that can be conducted by the company in which it gives a monetary value to human life.It can be argued that there are other moral benefits to saving the CEO not just for the company but maybe because his family needs him. In a way it can also be argued that it is morally wrong to put a price on human life and that no matter what the company should pay a ransom no matter the amount. It can also be said that the CEO can easily be replaced in less than half a day and that the company could save its 10 million dollar losses for the day. Whatever the decision in the hypothetical scenario might turn out to be, the idea of cost benefit analysis is one that is used by all companies and business around the world.One, especially in business must sometimes come across difficult decisions and it is then when all theories moral reasoning and utilitarian must be applied to come to a conclusion. In sum, the discussion of the two episode s concludes that utility is applied to most certainly justice but to everyday decisions that are made by businesses around the world. Utilitarianism is referred by Bentham as the greater good for the greatest number in episode one of Justice with Michel Sandel.Last but not least in episode two, John Stuart Mill defends the concept of human rights in these words â€Å"Justice is a name for certain moral requirements, which, regarded collectively, stand higher in the score of social utility and are therefore of more paramount obligation than any others†. This quote, Mill says that it is ok to keep the laws and rules that exist only if there is a much greater reason for breaking them. Therefore utilitarian’s reason could be that saving a human life is a better reason in comparison to the loss of millions of dollars a company could sustain.Mill and Bentham dispute significantly ideas and create extensive room to ponder, but it is in our reasoning that these ideas can be co ncluded and interpreted only by one’s own moral reasoning. References Episode 01 – Justice with Michael Sandel. (n. d. ). Justice with Michael Sandel – Online Harvard Course Exploring Justice, Equality, Democracy, and Citizenship. Retrieved June 12, 2012, from http://www. justiceharvard. org/2011/03/episode-01/#watch Episode 02 – Justice with Michael Sandel. (n. d. ). Justice with Michael Sandel – Online Harvard Course Exploring Justice, Equality, Democracy, and Citizenship.Retrieved June 12, 2012, from http://www. justiceharvard. org/2011/02/episode-two/#watch Jeremy Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780) – Justice with Michael Sandel. (n. d. ). Justice with Michael Sandel – Online Harvard Course Exploring Justice, Equality, Democracy, and Citizenship. Retrieved June 13, 2012, from http://www. justiceharvard. org/resources/jeremy-bentham-principles-of-morals-and-legislation-1780/ The Queen vs Dudley and Stephens (1884) (The Lifeboat Case) – Justice with Michael Sandel. (n. d. ). Justice with Michael

Seahorse Facts

Seahorse Facts Seahorses (Hippocampus spp of the family Syngnathidae) are fascinating examples of bony fish. They have a unique body morphology with a horse-shaped head, large eyes, curved trunk, and a prehensile tail. Even though these charismatic creatures are banned as trade items, they are still heavily traded in the illicit international markets. Fast Facts: Seahorses Scientific Name: Syngnathidae (Hippocampus spp)Common Name: SeahorseBasic Animal Group: FishSize: 1–14 inchesLifespan: 1–4 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Temporal and tropical waters throughout the worldConservation Status: Not Evaluated Description After much debate over the years, scientists finally decided that seahorses are fish. They breathe using gills, have a swim bladder to control their buoyancy, and are classified in the Class Actinopterygii, the bony fish, which also includes larger fish such as cod  and tuna. Seahorses have interlocking plates on the outsides of their bodies, and this covers a spine made of bone. While they have no tail fins, they have four other fins- one at the base of the tail, one under the belly, and one behind each cheek. Some seahorses, like the common pygmy seahorse, have shapes, sizes,  and colors that allow them to blend in with their coral habitats. Others, such as the thorny seahorse, change color to blend in with their surroundings. According to the World Register of Marine Species, there are 53 species of seahorses (Hippocampus spp), though other sources number the existing species between 45 and 55. The taxonomy has proven difficult because seahorses dont vary a great deal from one species to another. They do, however, vary within the same species: Seahorses can and do change color and grow and lose skin filaments. Their size ranges from under 1 inch to 14 inches long. Seahorses are categorized in the family Syngnathidae, which includes pipefish and seadragons. Georgette Douwma/Getty Images Habitat and Range Seahorses are found in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world. Favorite seahorse habitats are coral reefs, seagrass beds, estuaries, and mangrove forests. Seahorses use their prehensile tails to anchor themselves to objects such as seaweed and branching corals. Despite their tendency to live in fairly shallow waters, seahorses are difficult to see in the wild, since they can remain very still and blend in with their surroundings. Diet and Behavior Although there is some variation based on species, in general, seahorses feed on plankton and tiny crustaceans such as amphipods, decapods, and mysids, as well as algae. Seahorses do not have stomachs, so food passes through their bodies very quickly, and they need to eat often, between 30 and 50 times a day. Although they are fish, seahorses are not great swimmers. Seahorses prefer to rest in one area, sometimes holding on to the same coral or seaweed for days. They beat their fins very quickly, up to 50 times a second, but they do not move quickly.  They are able to move up, down, forward or backward. Reproduction and Offspring Many seahorses are monogamous, at least during a single breeding cycle.  A myth perpetuates that seahorses mate for life, but this doesnt seem to be true. Unlike many other fish species, though, seahorses have a complex courtship ritual and may form a bond that lasts during the entire breeding season.  The courtship involves an enchanting dance in which they entwine their tails​ and may change colors. Larger individuals- male and female both- produce larger and more offspring, and there is some evidence for mate choice based on size. Unlike any other species, male seahorses  become pregnant and carry babies (called fry) to term.  Females insert their eggs through an oviduct into the males brood pouch. The male wiggles to get the eggs into position, and once all the eggs are inserted, the male goes to a nearby coral or seaweed and grabs on with his tail to wait out gestation, which lasts 9–45 days.   Males produce 100–300 young per pregnancy and while the main source of food to the embryos is the yolk of the egg, the males do provide additional sustenance. When its time to give birth, hell contort his body in contractions until the young are born, over a period of minutes or sometimes hours.   felicito rustique / Flickr   Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has not as yet evaluated seahorse endangerment, but Hippocampus spp were among the first fishes brought under global trade restrictions in 1975. They are currently listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which allows exports of specimens only if they are sourced sustainably and legally. All countries which were historically exporting large numbers of them have since banned the export or are under CITES export suspensions- some banned the export prior to 1975. Nevertheless, seahorses are still threatened by harvesting for use in aquariums, as curios, and in traditional Chinese medicine. Historic and recent fisheries and/or trade surveys in source countries with trade bans have all revealed persistent exports of dried seahorses through unofficial channels. Other threats include habitat destruction and pollution. Because they are hard to find in the wild, population sizes may not be well-known for many species.  Ã‚   Stuart Dee / Getty Images Seahorses and Humans Seahorses have been a topic of fascination for artists for centuries, and are still used in Asian traditional medicine. They are also kept in aquariums, although more aquarists are getting their seahorses from seahorse ranches now rather than from the wild. Author and marine biologist Helen Scales, Ph.D., said of seahorses in her book Poseidons Steed: They remind us that we rely on the seas not only to fill our dinner plates but also to feed our imaginations. Sources Faleiro, Filipa, et al. Size Does Matter: An Assessment of Reproductive Potential in Seahorses. Animal Reproduction Science 170 (2016): 61–67. Print.Foster, Sarah J., et al. Global Seahorse Trade Defies Export Bans under Cites Action and National Legislation. Marine Policy 103 (2019): 33–41. Print.International Protections for Seahorses Take Effect May 15. World Wildlife Fund, May 12, 2004.Koldewey, Heather J., and Keith M. Martin-Smith. A Global Review of Seahorse Aquaculture. Aquaculture 302.3 (2010): 131–52. Print.Scales, Helen. Poseidons Steed: The Story of Seahorses, From Myth to Reality. New York: Gotham Books, 2009.Sea Horse Facts. The Seahorse Trust.

The Basics of Mammalian Temperature Regulation

The Basics of Mammalian Temperature Regulation Do you find it surprising that reindeer, which spend much of their time standing in snow, dont get cold feet? Or that dolphins, whose thin flippers are gliding constantly through cool water, still manage to pursue very active lifestyles? A special circulatory adaptation known as countercurrent heat exchange enables both of these animals to maintain the appropriate body temperature in their extremities, and this is only one of the many clever adaptations mammals have evolved over the last hundred million years to help them to deal with variable temperatures. Mammals Are Endothermic All mammals are endothermic- that is, they maintain and regulate their own body temperature, no matter the external conditions. (Cold-blooded vertebrates, like snakes and turtles, are ectothermic.) Living in widespread environments around the world, mammals face daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperatures and some- for example, those indigenous to harsh arctic or tropical habitats- have to deal with extreme cold or heat. To maintain their correct internal body temperature, mammals must have a way to produce and conserve body heat in colder temperatures, as well as dissipate excess body heat in warmer temperatures. The mechanisms mammals have for producing heat include cellular metabolism, circulatory adaptations,  and plain, old-fashioned shivering. Cellular metabolism is the chemical process that constantly occurs within cells, by which organic molecules are broken down and harvested for their internal energy; this process releases heat and warms the body. Circulatory adaptations, such as the countercurrent heat exchange mentioned above, transfer heat from the core of the animals body (its heart and lungs) to its periphery via specially designed networks of blood vessels. Shivering, which youve probably done some of yourself, is easiest to explain: this crude process generates heat by the rapid contraction and shaking of muscles.   If An Animal Gets Too Warm What if an animal is too warm, rather than too cold? In temperate and tropical climates, excess body heat can accumulate quickly and cause life-threatening problems. One of natures solutions is to place blood circulation very near the surface of the skin, which helps to release heat into the environment. Another is the moisture produced by sweat glands or respiratory surfaces, which evaporates in comparatively dryer air and cools the animal down. Unfortunately, evaporative cooling is less effective in dry climates, where water is rare and water loss can be a real problem. In such situations, mammals, like reptiles, often seek protection from the sun during the hotter daylight hours and resume their activity at night. The evolution of warm-blooded metabolisms in mammals wasnt a straightforward affair, as witness the fact that many dinosaurs were apparently warm-blooded, some contemporary mammals (including a species of goat) actually have something akin to cold-blooded metabolisms, and even one type of fish generates its own internal body heat.

Home work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Home work - Essay Example Often, this music is generated from computer-based sound systems to generate the necessary background of the play (The Open University, 2012). Ambient sounds. These are mechanical sounds like the clicking of drives or a CD-ROM, or opening of a drawer, or removing a bottle cap to demonstrate that something is operated correctly (The Open University, 2012). In the movie The Graduate, the viewer can hear the sounds of a closing door, voices of guests that are faded down, light switch or the sounds of the radio when music was played. You could also hear footsteps and sound of a vehicle being parked. (2)Using a film that youve watched in class, give an example of subtextual dialogue. Quote the dialogue using the format shown on page 91-2 in the text book. Summarize the text of the dialogue and then explain the dialogues subtext   This was lifted from the episode when Mrs. Robinson attempted to tempt Ben for a sex but was halted upon the arrival of Mrs. Robinson’s husband (Buck, 1967). Mrs. Robinson was so expressive of her desire amid outright refusal and confusion of Ben on how to feign responsibly to this desire without insulting and getting hatred from the woman and anger from her husband (Buck, 1967) (3) Choose a scene from a film that you watched in class. You can use Rear Window by Hitchcock Briefly describe the scene and its accompanying sound.. Explain in the detail how the various types of sound contribute to the atmosphere, plot and theme. In the scene 10 of movie Rear Window where Lisa sat on bed browsing magazine and travel book, the episode was accompanied by a love song to add meaning to unspoken passion as the man is limited by his disability to maybe sit or lay besides Lisa (Hitchcock, 2011). The director used the music to bridge love in this couple and to replace supposed dialogues. Hitchcock (2011) explained that to

Marketing - Exam on Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing - Exam on Marketing - Essay Example The role of integrated marketing communication is to use advertising as a means of creating a sound and meaningful relationship between the business and the specific audience the business is trying to reach. II. While integrated marketing communication is a complex field, there are a number of specific IMC drivers. The primary drivers of integrated marketing communications include message clutter. Another notable driver is the need for consistency in brand differentiation. One considers that in organizations such as Coca-Cola this is evident in that a single logo and advertising campaign that are implemented for set periods. Still, other drivers are evolving technology and forming transaction to relationships. One considers that there are a variety of specific examples where these elements occur. In terms of evolving technology the Internet has presented many news ways companies can improve transaction to relationships and a fusion of entertainment to consumption. Among the most prom inent recent examples include advertising specifically tailored to the customer and email marketing campaigns. Domino’s Pizza, for instance, recently developed an advertising campaign where if individuals clicked on their Facebook page they were eligible for a discounted pizza. There are a variety of different IMC communication tools. Different tools have different uses. These tools creative a hierarchy of effects. Promotional tools are one prominent example. These tools must be developed so the target audience receives a message that is consistent throughout. For example, a business should use similar marketing designs and slogans throughout the organization so the customer comes to identify these elements with the business. This has become a prominent element of major corporations such as Starbucks and Coca-Cola. Other prominent marketing tools include publication relations, personal selling, and sales and promotion. In addition there are internal elements, including accoun tability where the organization considers cost elements. Another important consideration is integrated marketing communication from a managing perspective. Most importantly, IMC can be a challenging management task, as it involves a number of elements within the business. It follows that management must be highly coordinated in instituting these new forms of advertising inline with new forms of technology and communication. Today nearly all major corporate elements, one considers Wal-Mart, have a social media presence. There are a number of barriers to IMC. Many of these can be considered along a spectrum. For instance, talent and skills are potential barriers within the business. Other major barriers include control and coordination issues, business culture challenges, and modification challenges. There are a variety of advantages and disadvantages to IMC. The primary advantage is that IMC implements an approach to advertising that directly targets consumers with specific interests . This allows for more effective communication and a competitive advantage through more efficient marketing. In terms of disadvantages, there is a greater advertising burden placed on the organization. This increased burden also involves bureaucratic procedures and a uniformity of style and message. In conclusion, integrated marketing communication constitutes a new and highly adaptive form of advertising and marketing. The approach involves a comprehensive and customer centric approach to