Print Media Industry Worksheet Essay

In Parts A and B, respond to each question using complete sentences, in a paragraph of at least 100 words. Be clear and concise, and explain your answers. Cite any outside sources consistent with APA guidelines. In Part C, respond to each of the statements with a specific example or an explanation; use complete sentences as needed. Part A: Historical and contemporary role of the print media industry Choose one of the following two topics: the feminist movement (women’s liberation) or public education. Answer the following questions about the relationship between your topic, the print media industry, and American society. Provide specific examples and cite at least three professional publications or articles. 1. How has the print media industry historically treated your selected topic (feminism or public education)? How does the print media industry treat that topic today? Throughout time, the feminist movement has brought attention that has been demeaning ( Bronstein, 2005). With women’s liberation, came controversial issues and the issues were then brought to mainstream media. Consistent awareness has been made, yet there is still a certain stigma that holds onto the feminist movement, even currently. Mass media has never been very good to women and there has always been hostile and inaccurate statements that emerged in media. Women’s goals have been misinterpreted and most people fail to see the difference in their values, ideas, and goals helping with the movement. Even currently, when looking at women in media, it is generally not an accurate outlook. They have made it seem a person needs to be stick thin, perfect hair, lips, and body, and if they aren’t then the re is something wrong with them. 2. How has the print media industry helped drive improvements and public awareness of your selected topic? Has the media perpetuated any drawbacks,  controversies, or scandals surrounding this topic? Women are out in the media now more than ever. Media has had a huge involvement with this, whether it be negative or positive for them. Women’s public profile has not led to equality or an end to oppression (Graham, 2003). There is a more openness about sexuality, as well as, body exploitation. Body obsession has become more and more common over the years. Everywhere women look, there are advertisements about body images and what they need to do or should do to make themselves fit in and be beautiful. Women also have the idea drilled into their heads that they are not as equally worth what men are, even to this day. Women still get put into certain jobs and are not paid that the men are. People still seem to not think there is anything wrong in that situation. 3. What role has the print media industry played throughout the history of this topic? Do you think the current role of the print media is the same as it was in the 1800s and 1900s? Why or why not? Women used to have to write their own history because it simply wasn’t included with all the others. The Women’s Liberation Movement helped to shape exactly what the movement was. It used the press to promote issues and used the media’s own commercial and professional interests in giving the movement attention. On the other hand, the media was an outlet for those to demean and defeat the women’s movements and made their achievements look small. Part B: The influence of new technology on the print media industry For each print media industry—books, newspapers, and magazines—answer the following questions: 1. How has the development of the Internet, wireless communication, computers, and hand-held digital devices affected print media companies’ products and sales? With the use of hand-held devices, computers, and the Internet, printed materials like newspapers, books, and magazines, has diminished greatly. You don’t hear people often say they are going out to the store to buy one of these things. Most people now just get on their cell phone or computers and have the desired article at their fingertips. Online  publications have risen in sales, but the actual printed material has gone down drastically in the past few years. Also, with having these items at your own disposal you don’t have to store papers or have a place to put them if you wanted to save them. You can simply add it to your favorites or download it in seconds. 2. What changes have print media companies made to incorporate new technology into their traditional products? Have these changes been successful or unsuccessful? Why? Technology companies have released applications and software that help people to read the newspaper or magazine easier as if they were literally holding it in their hands. They help readers to go back and forth between stories, view picture galleries, and the consumer can download the article they desire for later use. As the story changes, so does the version the person downloaded on their device. They have been successful because you can see it in the numbers lowering on printed publications and rising on online items. People want things at the speed of light. They don’t want to have to walk or drive to the store to read the day’s new and by the time they get it, it is old news. 3. How have consumers reacted to these changes? Consumers have reacted to these changes in different ways. People who are stuck in their ways may not want to change and like their daily printed newspaper. Some people still want to hold the magazine or newspaper in their hand. Others, would prefer to have at a glance things and have them on their phones or computers. People are on the go and they want every single aspect of their lives to be that way. Part C: Major publications in the print media industry Books Newspapers Magazines How many total publications are sold annually in each print media industry? About 175,000 books are published every year. That equals out to about 479 books each day. In 2013 about 22,315 newspapers, printed and online, were  sold. Digital editions of magazines have sold around 5.4 million copies. Hard copies sold around 346.5 million annually. What are the major ownership chains in each print media industry? Major ownership chains are Random House, Pearson, Hatchette, and Harper Collins. Gannett, Knight-Ridder, Newhouse and Times Mirror are the top four major chains in newspaper publication. Time Warner, Gemstar International Group, and Thompson Multimedia are all three large chains of magazine publishers. List three major publications in each print media industry. The 50 Shades of Grey, Twilight Saga, and the Harry Potter books are major publications. Some of the largest publications are The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Chicago Tribune. There are three leading weekly magazines. They are Time, Newsweek and U.S. News and World Report. For each of the three major publications you listed, identify the target audience. For the 50 Shades of Gray it would be 18 and over. For the Twilight Saga and Harry Potter books are for tweens and teenagers, but adults read them, as well. These newspapers are generally directed toward adult audiences. Children and young adults can read them, but that is not who they are targeted for. The same as the newspapers mentioned, these magazines are for adults, generally. They are informative and deal with business mostly. For each of the three major publications you listed, describe the unique writing style. What makes each publication stand out in the marketplace? 50 Shades of Grey is written for women. It is along the lines of being pornographic. It is very detailed and visual. The Twilight are repetitive and boring when describing things so in depth when they don’t need to be. The Harry Potter books are very descriptive, yet simple. They were easy to read and kept you entertained. The newspapers listed have a writing style of using honorifics instead of last names. There is no Major headline and the most important story goes in the top-right column, on the main page. The L.A. Times has a â€Å"column One† which is a feature that appears daily on the front page to the left side. The Chicago Tribune goes along the lines of the L.A. Times, which is their parent company. Time Magazine has changed their  red border to promote stories, enlarged column titles, reduced the number of featured stories, increased white space around articles, and added in photos. The writing styles of the other two magazines provide a strong reputation for accurate, brisk, and vivid reporting of news events. For each of the three major publications you listed, describe the publishing trends. How is each publication changing in response to today’s cultural, political, or technological climate? Readers everywhere were turned on by 50 Shades of Grey. They devoured the erotic romance and new author and publishers ate it up with re-makes that resembled these books. Twilight and Harry Potter went just as fast trending. Tweens and teens had it advertised in their faces everywhere. Publishing on newspapers has decreased over the years. With things like the Internet and having hand held devices, printed material has taken a big hit. Magazines, along with newspapers, have trends like buying subscriptions to make money, using multimedia, and micropublishing. Micropublishing will eventually stand out, becoming more important and prevalent. References Bronstein, C. (2005, Winter). Representing the third wave: mainstream print media framing of a new feminist movement. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(4), 783. Media Bias. (2009, December 28). Issues & Controversies On File, n. pag. Retrieved January 29, 2010, from Issues & Controversies database. German, L. (2003, Winter). Women’s Liberation Today. INTERNATIONAL SOCIALISM JOURNAL, 101().

Patient Safety in Rural Nursing Because of Nursing Shortage Essay

The United States is in the midst of a nursing shortage that is being increasingly discussed in the context of declining healthcare facilities in the nation. Over 1 in 7 hospitals (15%) report a severe RN nursing shortage with more than 20% of their nursing positions vacant and 80%-85% of hospitals report that they have a nurse shortage This shortage is predicted to intensify over the next decade or two as nurses belonging to the generation of baby boomers retire. The Nursing Management Aging Workforce Survey released in July 2006 by the Bernard Hodes Group reveals that 55% of surveyed nurses and nurse managers reported their intention to retire between 2011 and 2020 (AACN, 2006). In April 2006, officials with the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) released projections that the nation’s nursing shortage would grow to more than one million nurses by the year 2020 (HRSA, 2003). Nursing colleges and universities are struggling to expand enrollment levels. In the report titled â€Å"What is Behind HRSA’s Projected Supply, Demand, and Shortage of Registered Nurses? † analysts show that all 50 states will experience a shortage of nurses to varying degrees by the year 2015 (AACN, 2006). Factors driving the growth in demand for nurses include: an 18 % increase in the population; a larger proportion of elderly persons requiring proportionally higher levels of medical care; advances in medical technology that heighten the need for nurses; an increase in the number of work settings for nurses and demographic changes in an increasing U.  S. population (HRSA, 2003). Factors that are causing a decrease in the supply of nurses are: the declining number of nursing school enrollees, graduates and faculty; the aging of the registered nurse workforce; work environment issues leading to job burnout and dissatisfaction; high nurse turnover and vacancy rates; and declines in relative earnings (HRSA, 2003). Due to this critical imbalance between the supply and demand of nurses, the United States is today facing a nursing shortage crisis. Nursing shortage in rural settings: Research shows that nursing shortage as defined by the federal government exists mainly in rural areas of the country that are far away from metropolitan areas. These areas suffer more from nursing shortage than urban areas due to lack of economic resources to compete with urban based employers, inadequate training for nurses to practice in rural settings and dependence on non-hospital care settings in the rural areas. According to a paper published by the National Clearinghouse for Frontier Communities, â€Å"Impacts and Innovations in Frontier America† (December 2004), nurse shortages in frontier and rural communities derive not only from the current national shortage of nurses but also a long-standing trend favoring rural-to-urban migration of the educated, skilled workforce. There is also the issue of money. When examined by rurality, LPNs in rural settings ($21,941) report an income 23% lower than that reported by LPNs in urban settings ($28,408) (NCSBN, 2006). A large number of rural communities are losing existing employment and education opportunities and the paper suggests that the community context of a nurse shortage can be addressed only through community-based development approaches as well as the crafting of healthy rural policies. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation published a report titled â€Å"The American Nursing Shortage† with the help of its researchers Bobbi Kimball and Edward O’Neil. According to this report, even when some people feel a calling for the professions such as nursing, they are deterred by certain dimensions of the lifestyle, such as low pay, compulsory mobility and the need for service in rural areas. Available data and literature suggest that the impact of the nursing shortage on rural and frontier communities varies greatly from community to community. IN some rural places, there is no difficulty in filling vacancies but there may be just a few good paying jobs. However, in most rural areas, recruiting for openings is estimated to take about 60 percent longer to fill than in urban areas (Long 2000). Nurse employers receive many applications but often find applicants do not meet desired qualifications and then, they often have to accept lower qualifications to fill positions. Differences in education between frontier and non-frontier nurses exist both in their basic nursing education and the highest degree earned (FEC, 2003). Fully half of frontier nurses had qualified as RNs through associate degree (ADN) programs, in comparison with 40% of the non-frontier nurses; in contrast, non-frontier nurses were more likely to have attended diploma or BSN programs. Differences remain when looking at highest degree received; 44% of frontier nurses’ highest degree is the ADN, in contrast with 34% of the non-frontier nurses. And, while the percentage of nurses who have earned a bachelors degree is slightly lower among frontier nurses (30% frontier, 33% non-frontier), the percentage who has earned masters degrees is also lower among frontier (7% frontier compared with 10% non-frontier) (FEC, 2003). At Prairie Vista Nursing Home in Holyoke, Colorado, a town of about 1,900 people about 130 miles northeast of Denver, administrators reportedly had to work double shifts to cover shifts after a nurse retired. Recruiting nurses to work in rural areas is difficult to begin with; and, when urban-trained nurses enter rural practice, they often find they are ill-prepared for the demands of the job, contributing to job dissatisfaction and turnover. Once there, they typically find it difficult to access continuing education opportunities that fit their needs. â€Å"When educators bring their knowledge to us, they often do not realize that we practice differently than urban centers do† (rural nurse, quoted in Molinari 2001). In the rural setting, nurses typically fill multiple roles. There is a need for a broad range of skills and cross training in multiple jobs. â€Å"Rural nursing requires a high level of generalist skills and critical thinking† (Fahs, Findholt et al. 2003). Another issue is that the ethnic composition of the rural nurse workforce does not correspond with the population it serves. The ANA Rural Nursing module identifies five factors that affect rural nursing practice: threats to anonymity and confidentiality; traditional gender roles; geographic isolation; professional isolation; and scarce resources (Bushy 2004). Patient safety for nursing shortage in rural settings: Surveys and studies published recently confirm that the shortage of registered nurses is impacting the delivery of health care in the U. S. and negatively affecting patient outcomes. Research now shows that how well patients are cared for by nurses affects their health, and sometimes can be a matter of life or death. These studies have found that (HRSA, 2003): †¢ A total of 53% of physicians and 65% of the public cited the shortage of nurses as a leading cause of medical errors (Harvard School of Public Health, 2002,); A higher proportion of nursing care and a greater number of hours of care by nurses per day are associated with better outcomes for hospitalized patients (Needleman et al. , 2002); †¢ Nursing actions, such as ongoing monitoring of patient’s health status, are directly related to better health outcomes (Kahn et al. , 1990) ; †¢ 126,000 nurses are needed immediately to fill vacancies at our Nation’s hospitals. Today, 75% of all hospital vacancies are for nurses (American Organization of Nurse Executives, 2002); Low nurse staffing levels have contributed to 24% of unanticipated events in hospitals that resulted in death, injury or permanent loss of function (Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002); †¢ Patients who have common surgeries in hospitals with low nurse-to-patient ratios have an up to 31% increased chance of dying. Every additional patient in an average hospital nurse’s workload increased the risk of death in surgical patients by 7% (Aiken et. al. , 2002); Low nursing staff levels were a contributing factor in 24% of hospitals’ reports of patient deaths and injuries since 1996 (Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002); †¢ Less nursing time provided to patients is associated with higher rates of infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, pneumonia, cardiac arrest, and death from these and other causes (Needleman et al. , 2002); and †¢ Nurse executives surveyed indicated that staffing shortages are contributing to emergency department overcrowding and the need to close beds (American Organization of Nurse Executives, 2002). The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002 has issued a warning that failure to address the problem of nursing shortage in rural areas will result in increased deaths, complications, lengths-of-stay and other undesirable patient outcomes. JCAHO examined 1,609 hospital reports of patient deaths and injuries since 1996 and found that low nursing staff levels were a contributing factor in 24% of the cases (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002). New research indicates that a shortage of registered nurses prepared at the baccalaureate and higher degree level is endangering patients. In an article in the September 24, 2003 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. Linda Aiken and her colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania found that patients experience significantly lower mortality and failure to rescue rates in hospitals where more baccalaureate-prepared nurses provide direct patient care. At least 1,700 preventable deaths could have been realized in Pennsylvania hospitals alone if baccalaureate-prepared nurses had comprised 60% of the nursing staff and the nurse-to-patient ratios had been set at 1 to 4. Unfortunately, only 11% of PA hospitals have more than 50% of the nursing staff prepared at the baccalaureate level ( Institute of Medicine, 2003). A survey titled â€Å"Views of Practicing Physicians and the Public on Medical Errors†, conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation reported in the December 12, 2002 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine found that 53% of physicians and 65% of the public cited the shortage of nurses as a leading cause of medical errors. Overall, 42% of the public and more than a third of U. S. octors reported that they or their family members have experienced medical errors in the course of receiving medical care (AACN, 2006). Nurse researchers at the University of Pennsylvania determined that patients who have common surgeries in hospitals with high nurse-to-patient ratios have an up to 31% increased chance of dying. Funded by the National Institute for Nursing Research, the study found that every additional patient in an average hospital nurse’s workload increased the risk of death in surgical patients by 7% (AACN, 2006). According to an extensive study by Dr.  Jack Needleman and Peter Buerhas, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2002, a higher proportion of nursing care provided by RNs and a greater number of hours of care by RNs per day are associated with better outcomes for hospitalized patients (AACN, 2006). Conclusion: Available data and literature suggest that the issue of nurse shortage is a national one. Yet, the impact of nurse shortage is better seen in the rural areas where nurses are not well paid, existing nurses are not well qualified and patients are dependent on local medical facilities. Because most frontier and rural communities are distant from hospitals, residents may rely on non-hospital based care settings for a greater proportion of their care than their urban counterparts. Due to these reasons, nurse shortage in rural areas has endangered patient safety. Nurses are the primary source of care and support in the health care sector and hence, a sufficient supply of nurses is critical in providing the national and especially the rural population with quality health care. Nurses are expected to play an even larger role in the future.

Brain Tumour Glioblastoma Multiforme Problem Health And Social Care Essay

Glioblastoma, which is besides known as spongioblastoma multiforme ( GBM ) is the most common signifier of malignant encephalon tumor of grownups. It is the highest class ( grade IV ) astrocytomas, tumours that start in glial cells in the encephalon [ 1,25-27,36 ] . Each twelvemonth, about five out of 100 000 people populating in United State are diagnosed with this disease [ 28,29 ] . GBM normally affects people who older than 50 old ages old although the disease can happen in patients from all age group [ 2,25,28 ] . Patients suffer ictus, concern, ocular perturbation and sometimes personality alterations which can do great emotional hurt [ 25,30,31 ] . The average endurance of GBM patients is hapless, with about 12 to 14 months [ 7 ] . At this minute, the exact causes of GBM still remain vague to the scientists.Figure 1 GBM tumor is normally found in frontal and temporal lobe.Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //ebsco.smartimagebase.com/brain-tumor/view-item? ItemID=4027Accum ulative Word Count: 131Possible TreatmentsSurgerySurgery is normally the initial measure to handle GBM by taking every bit much tumor as possible. It is non healing but aims to cut down the tumor ‘s size every bit much as possible so that other therapies right after the surgery can be more effectual. Furthermore, surgical resection Acts of the Apostless to alleviate hydrops by debulking tumor every bit good as being a alleviative intervention for neurologic symptoms such as ictus activity [ 7 ] . The surgery includes standard surgical process craniotomy which removes a subdivision of skull to expose the encephalon underneath in order to unclutter the tumor. Besides, patients may choose to undergo optical maser microsurgery or supersonic aspiration to hold their tumors removed.2134Figure 2 Craniotomy hypertext transfer protocol: //ebsco.smartimagebase.com/surgical-craniotomy/view-item? ItemID=40345 Accumulative Word Count: 242Radiation TherapyNormally, radiation therapy ( RT ) is administered instantly after surgery. It works chiefly by damaging the Deoxyribonucleic acid of tumor cells, killing any residuary tumor cells after surgical remotion of the tumour [ 3-6,32 ] . A research has shown that the average endurance clip has increased from 17 hebdomads ( treated with conventional attention ) to 37.5 hebdomads when the GBM patients were treated with RT entirely while combination of BNCU ( carmustine ) and RT produced a 40.5 hebdomad average endurance [ 11 ] . Table 1 Randomized surveies of post-operative radiation compared with no radiation therapy in malignant gliomaa [ 23 ]Study [ Ref. ]Study groupRadiation dose Gy/ no. of fractionNo. of patients randomized ( analyzed )Median endurance ( hebdomads )Overall endurance P valueShapiro et al. , 1976 [ 62 ] Connecticut RT + CT–60 16 ( 16 ) 17 ( 17 ) 30 44.5 NR Not important Andersen, 1978 [ 1 ] Surgery entirely RT–45/25 57 ( 57 ) 51 ( 51 ) 15b 23b †¹0.005 Survival at 6 months Walker et al. , 1978 [ 78 ] vitamin D Surgery entirely RT–50-60/25-35 42 ( 31 ) 93 ( 68 ) 14c 36c 0.001 Walker et al. , 1980 [ 79 ] vitamin D Connecticut RT–60/30-35 111 ( 111 ) 118 ( 118 ) 31 37 0.003 Kristiansen et al. , 1981 [ 36 ] vitamin D Surgery entirely RT + / – Connecticut–45/25 38 ( 38 ) 80 ( 80 ) 23 47 NR Significant Sandberg-Wollheim et al. , 1991 [ 60 ] Connecticut RT + CT–58/27 87 ( 87 ) 84 ( 84 ) 42 62 0.028 a CT, chemotherapy ; NR, non reported ; RT, radiation therapy. B Calculated from survival curve. 500 Multi-arm survey that included a radiation plus chemotherapy arm. For both surveies by Walker et al. , merely information from the radiation entirely arm are shown in Table 2. Kristiansen et Al. reported combined informations from the radiation entirely arm and the radiation plus chemotherapy arm. In each of these surveies, there was a important survival benefit favouring radiation plus chemotherapy compared with no radiation therapy but no important difference in endurance between radiation entirely and radiation plus chemotherapy ( informations non shown ) . degree Celsiuss Merely consequences for the evaluable patients were reported ( 31 patients in the surgery entirely arm and 68 patients in the RT arm ) . Accumulative Word Count: 329 RT is normally administered through external beam radiation but internal radiation called Brachytherapy is besides possible. Each manner differs in how the radiation beginnings are delivered to the tumour [ 4-6,32 ] . Using IMRT ( Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy ) , a machine such as additive gas pedal delivers precise high-energy radiation doses ( eg: X raies ) to the tumor accurately and kills the affected cells [ 6,33 ] . Most patients will have the intervention for five to seven hebdomads [ 6,32,34 ] . Typically, around 6000 to 6500 units of radiation are delivered over seven hebdomads [ 6 ] . In contrast, brachytherapy topographic point the radiation beginnings every bit near as possible to the targeted cells in shorter clip comparison to external radiation. It consists of radioactive implants in the signifier of catheters or seeds which has impermanent radioactive beginnings in the tumor [ 8 ] . Figure 3 Brachythrapy hypertext transfer protocol: //ebsco.smartimagebase.com/brachytherapy/view-item? ItemID=24923 Besides, stereotactic radiosurgery, a noninvasive method of presenting an intense and focused dosage of radiation to a little country can be used for GBM excessively. Treatment dose is individualized but the typical dosage is about 2500 units of radiation per intervention [ 6 ] . Other signifiers of radiation intervention such as installing of inflatable balloon incorporating liquid radiation or interpolation of monoclonal antibodies tagged with radioactive substances may be used [ 8 ] . Accumulative Word Count: 519ChemotherapyChemotherapy may be given after surgical resection and radiation. In this therapy, chemotherapeutic drugs play an of import function in impacting retroflexing cells by damaging the Deoxyribonucleic acid of these cells. The most normally used drugs are carmustine ( BNCU ) , lomustine ( CCNU ) , temozolomide ( Temodar ) and procarbazine. They are classified as alkylating agents which are DNA-damaging drugs. These drugs alkylate the Deoxyribonucleic acid in the tumor cells, doing the dual strands to be cross-linked to each other in an inappropriate manner. This thereby, blocks DNA reproduction and bit by bit leads to cell decease [ 4,5,8 ] . Soon, Gliadel Wafer – a biodegradable wafer soaked with BNCU is prevailing among the interventions. This is done by engrafting wafers in the pit after surgical remotion of the tumor. The wafers so easy let go of high concentrations of BCNU straight into the tumour country over a period of 2-3 hebdomads. Gliadel does non supply a remedy for GBM but is believed to be capable of protracting endurance. Apart from that, temozolomide is more frequently administered orally on monthly rhythm for 6-12 months after surgery and radiation as a care therapy [ 6,8,28,29 ] . Traditional chemotherapy drugs can be effectual, but most of them do non separate between healthy and tumour cells, thereby forestalling the disposal of high doses to kill the unnatural cells. What is more, their generalised toxicity can do terrible side effects. Targeted therapy drugs like Avastin ( bevacizumab ) are more precise than some chemotherapy drugs and tend to hold fewer side effects. It has been approved by FDA in 2009 as a new biologic drug to handle GBM. Avastin acts chiefly as an angiogenesis inhibitors by decelerating the growing of new blood vass environing the tumor. It selectively blocks VEGF to suppress the activation of VEGF receptors tyrosine kinases VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 [ 13-15 ] . There are some surveies to turn out that approximately 20-30 % patients with GBM do react to the drugs [ 27 ] . Accumulative Word Count: 823AGraph 1 Kaplan-Meier endurance curves for patients treated with steroids and ( A ) resective surgery merely, ( B ) resective surgery and radiation therapy and ( C ) resective surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. [ 12 ]BacillusCAccumulative Word Count: 848Social and Economic DeductionsThe trouble to digest with the side effects of the medicines such as sleepiness and hair loss may do GBM patients to experience down and hurt. They may be easy frustrated by concerns they suffer often or experience suffering and hopeless after the diagnosing [ 34 ] . This could take to serious societal impact and would worry the people around them. Furthermore, most of the patients find it hard to return to work due to decrease in productiveness. A study has shown that with 91 % patients were employed before diagnosing, merely 33 % of them continue working after interventions. While health professionals who were still working experience employment alterations such as taking leave of absence to be with their loved 1s for interventions or taking on extra paid work might experience stressed and have to fight difficult to get by with the tough life [ 9 ] . In order to run a normal life, patients require undergo a plentifulness of interventions including hospitalization after surgery which would do great fiscal load. It is estimated that cost of GBM interventions ranged from ˆ10 893 to ˆ125 275 [ 22 ] . Trouble of obtaining insurance makes the status even worse. Drugs that are necessary for GBM interventions are expensive and are normally administered over long period of clip. All this becomes a beginning of depression which affects non merely the patients but their households and friends [ 9 ] . The return of GBM after conventional therapy is inevitable. This so creates unstoppable medical crisis every bit good as fiscal hurt to the patients and their households. Accumulative Word Count: 1084Benefits and HazardsI believe a combination of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy is the most effectual intervention for GBM presently. In malice of its forecast has remained hapless for the last few decennaries, patients do acquire better after adhering to this standard therapy. Although GBM can non be cured, the patients had have their survival clip prolonged, acquiring a opportunity to pass their last few months with their loved 1s in a meaningful manner [ 34 ] . Nevertheless, the interventions do enforce distressing side effects to human wellness. Despite killing tumour cells, alkylating agents used are considered toxic, ensuing in suppression or lowering of blood counts. They have been associated with important sickness, hair loss, weariness and sterility [ 5 ] . High doses of BNCU may take to damage and marking of the lungs while procarbazine can do raging concern, purging and numbness. Hence, doses of drugs administered have to be carefull y monitored by doctor to avoid taking to unwanted effects. Recently invented drugs temozolomide, has comparatively mild side effects but they are still inevitable [ 6 ] . Meanwhile, hazard of developing acute leukaemia old ages subsequently is increased when patients are exposed to alkylating agents [ 5 ] . Avastin, a freshly developed drug, provides a more effectual therapy for GBM. However, it potentially creates fatal toxicity, doing the late closed surgical lesion interruptions down. Some claim that the development of toxicity by avastin may shorten endurance in some patients when it is added to radiotherapy and temozolomide. Thus, researches on the effectivity and safety of use of avastin should be carried on continually until desirable consequences are obtained [ 20 ] . In add-on, the return of the tumor is ineluctable, with the average endurance rate of patients who relapse runing from 3-6 months despite aggressive intervention [ 10 ] . Patients may develop the feeling that the medicines are useless or may give up because of the intolerable side effects and the unstoppable backsliding of disease. This will take to non-adherence to therapy and increase the hazard of mortality. However, in my sentiment, the multimodal treatments I discuss above are still considered the best solution for GBM as they outweigh the hazards by protracting the patients ‘ survival clip. Accumulative Word Count: 1432Alternate TreatmentsGene therapyAnother promising attack of handling GBM is cistron therapy. Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir ( HSV-tk/GCV ) has evolved as a cytotoxic cistron therapy. In this instance, recombinant adenoviral vectors are used to give favorable consequences. Adenoviral HSV-tk ( AdHSV-tk ) is able to assail the residuary dividing tumour cells while go forthing the non-dividing nerve cells unharmed. What ‘s more, it can destruct the malignant neoplastic disease cells through bystander- consequence [ 19 ] . HSV-tk first converts GCV to GCV-monophosphate [ 16,17 ] . Then, cellular kinases farther convert this merchandise to GCV-triphosphate which is a hapless substrate for uninterrupted DNA elongation due to the lacking of 3 ‘ hydroxyl group that is needed to organize phosphodiester bond in chain-elongation-reaction. Ultimately, nonfunctional Deoxyribonucleic acid fragments are formed, triping programmed cell death in malignant neoplastic disease cells [ 18 ] . Nowadays, AdHSV-tk /GCV is going preferred comparisons to conventional radiation therapy and chemotherapy due to its fewer inauspicious effects. Figure 4 The rule of HSV-tk/GCV cistron therapy. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gtmb.org/VOL4A/GTMBVOL4AHTML/23_Adachi_files/image001.gif Accumulative Word Count: 1575 Table 2 Surveies by Sandmair et Al. and Immonen et Al. demo a singular protraction of endurance in patients treated with AdHSV-tk [ 19 ] . Patients Vector Phase Gene Transfer Method Adverse Effectss Survival ( Months ) Response

English Legal Skills and System Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

English Legal Skills and System - Coursework Example The flats were substantially completed. This implies that this was less than completion. This means that none of the eight flats was completed and, therefore, no further payment was due. 5. To dismiss the subsidiary argument by the defendant’s counsel, Glidewell LJ applies the authority in relation to a case of Hoenig v. Isaacs [1952] 2 All E.R. 176. In this case, the complainant’s work was to decorate and furnish the defendant’s house for 750 pounds payable as work proceeded and balanced on completion. Plaintiff received 400 pounds and the defendant moved into the house on bases that there were some defects. Some defects were found however, the work was substantially completed. The court ruled that the plaintiff was eligible to be paid the outstanding balance minus the cost of making defected goods or omissions. 6. Russell LJ agrees with the Glidewell LJ’s dismissal of the subsidiary argument since it relates to the defendant’s submission that the complainant deserved the  £10,300 because of the eight houses none had been completed. He agrees with the judge’s findings that there has been the considerable completion and a small amount should be deducted to cover for incomplete and defective items. 7. For the benefit of law to his client, the defendant’s lawyer to support his position argues the complainant was promising to do more than what the subcontract specifies. That is to continue with carpentry work and do it within the stipulated time. He applies the authority based on the principle of law which dates back to a decision made in Stilk v. Myrick. 8. a) According to Glidewell LJ, the doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be relied upon because the doctrine provides a scenario where a person to a whom a promise is made can seek additional payments for services which he is bound to offer under the existing contract or by promise. He states

- Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

- Financial Accounting - Essay Example See appendix 2 (Clarke 2010, pp. 71). (b): while preparing the cash budget, the sales increase by  £ 3,000 per month has been factored in. On a similar note, the quarterly payment of electricity cost and the reduction of the electricity by  £ 1,000 every month have been factored in. See appendix 3 (Albrecht 2007, pp. 901). (c): Working capital includes cash, inventory, marketable securities and account receivables. It is always advisable for business entities maintain a sufficient amount of cash, since it is the most liquid asset, to enable an entity’s operations to run effectively. Therefore, cash, account receivables and marketable securities are types of working capital that are constantly required to carry out the operations of a business entity. Kawasaki Ltd has two types of working capital under its management. They are the account receivables, the inventories and cash. Though the inventories are not as liquid as compared to cash, they can be converted to cash when the need arises (Bhattacharyya 2004, pp. 29-50). The company has a policy in place to regulate the account receivables. The policy states that the buyers have 30 days after sales to pay their dues. Therefore, the debtors’ payable period is 30 days. The period is short enough to reduce the amount of cash tied up on debts, thus, increases the cash availability for the company. In addition, the policy improves the revenue generated by the company, thus, improves the net income. Second, the company has formulated a policy that would see the inventory levels reduced during the low-demand season. The policy will see the inventory wastage eliminated; thus, eliminate the cost related to such wastage, thus. Improve the revenue. Third, based on the cash budget for Kawasaki Ltd, the cash balance increases every month. From the cash budgets, the cash availability in the company is sufficient enough to support the company’s operations. The cash levels should be

Patterns of Italian immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Patterns of Italian immigration - Essay Example In contrary, to the modern Italy primarily united states, immigration has characterized the whole development. Italian immigration the United States has been on the way out and the consistency of these new arrivals has significantly changed in the recent years. For the stabilization of Italy population, there was a continuous immigration from North Africa and Eastern Europe. The present Italian immigrants in America have a good education, driven by the career, and their primary focus is the preserving of their language and culture (Barkan 42). The difference that can be seen in the present and the early immigrants are that those who migrated in the last centuries were poor, no education and they lacked skills. Ignorance of the government to people’s interests and needs is the primary cause that led to the massive immigration of Italians to the United States having in mind that they will be served accordingly. Looking for an advanced better life within a free society that is pr otected by the constitution. The making of the individual rights to be a priority; was also another factor that let the Italians make a move to the new world. The immigration, on the other hand, was driven by the uniqueness of the American civilization features which distinguishes it from other European countries. Influence of the American natural environment and the American culture. The culture was attributed to two fundamental factor; the impulse and the inspirations, this compelled men and women to leave not only in European countries, but also across the Atlantic.

Classical Image of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classical Image of Education - Essay Example Though it defies description and is not easily defined, we know it when we see it as our imagination offers us a clue to its possibilities. Our classical image of education and its definition falls short of the true meaning when it is applied to a lifetime of learning. Typically, an education has been thought of as a specified period of time in which certain subjects are learned to a pre-determined level. Education is sometimes mistaken for the Bachelor's or Master's degree that indicates we have attended school, but it is not an education. Albert Einstein once said, "Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world". The spark that ignites our imagination is education. The subjects taught in pursuit of these goals give us information and provides us with a key to further learning, but this is not education. Learning to appreciate art, perform logical operations, or the history of rock and roll are interesting to know, but they do not qualify as education. All of these activities and endeavors are simply the tools required to begin to mine an education. Yet, listing all the tools and components involved in making an education would be of no more relevance than calling a list of ingredients a cake. The traditional view of 120 credits, electives, and compulsory courses fails to completely define education. Education is the creation of a task, concept, or belief that we find useful in our life and defines us as a human being. The formal learning that was required to obtain a degree becomes useful as we enter the workplace and begin to assimilate with the culture of our livelihood. Here we learn what is expected of us, what is needed to make progress on a task, and how to complete a workplace function. Logic and art may help us temper the new environment and give us a sense of deeper understanding of the world around us, but the education takes place when we learn to undertake a project and develop the confidence that gives us our self-identity. Information needs to be put to use and contribute to our sense of self-worth to be considered education. In essence, we define education by how education defines us and the way that we define ourselves. Education is part and parcel of the human spirit that drives us to imagine, create, inspire, innovate, and invent. We may have an intricate knowledge of calculus, but in its dormant state it adds nothing to our education. Education is an action word that demands that we act and react to the facts and information we gained from attending school. When we encounter a new situation that requires us to solve a problem we create a solution from the tools we gained from our classroom experience. The innovative experience that we create out of our limited knowledge is the true meaning of education. It is not simply the information or the knowledge that defines us. Education is the inspiration we receive when we put our knowledge into action. When we integrate several fields of knowledge, while we stretch to invent a new process or concept, we can then say that the experience was 'a real education'.

Sampling Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sampling Techniques - Essay Example To start with, probability sampling involves random selection and has four methods as follows. Simple random sampling where there is an equal chance of selection for every element. In systematic random sampling every nineth element is selected while stratified random sampling is one in which population is divided into segments (Trochim, 2004). Lastly cluster sample is where a particular subgroup is randomly chosen to represent the population under study. In conclusion, non-probability random samples occur due to influence by certain factors. These factors are as follows: Convenience which is easy to find, purposive relating to the purpose intended, snowball sampling where the chosen subject suggests another, and finally quota which involves subgroups chosen to represent a quota of the population to be studied (Tille and Ardilly,187). Sampling advantages are time saving, economical, easy to adapt, reliable and indispensable. Limitations of sampling or inaccuracy in the results, expensive in terms of time and energy, unsuitable in that not applicable to other areas, and inherent defects in the

Porter's Five Forces Strategy Analysis as it applies to the Auto Essay

Porter's Five Forces Strategy Analysis as it applies to the Auto Industry - Essay Example For international organizations, decisions have to be made on whether the strategies would be the same for every country it competes with as well as giving managers the mandate to choose their own strategies. Functional strategies for particular operations derived from business level strategies include marketing, accounting and finance. An automotive industry manufactures, designs, develops, markets and sell motor vehicles and is considered the world’s most significant economic sector in terms of revenue generation. The American automobile industry is the only industry that has never changed for years since its inception. Businesses begin, grow, develop, and end just like human beings. Some do not complete their life cycle as a result of their interruptions. They undergo a myriad of challenges that make them eventually die. Contrary to a human being, a business can change its methods of operation to more efficient mechanisms for improvement. From this view, the American automo bile industry has raised the question of whether it will be able to adapt or it will end from its stagnating condition. Before establishing an organization’s business-level strategy, it must discern the determining factors of profit maximization of an industry. The tool of analyzing these factors is what is known as Porter’s Five Forces Model. ... Introduction to the Auto Industry As defined earlier, an automotive industry manufactures, markets, designs, develops and sells motor vehicles. It does not include industries attached to automobiles after delivery to the client such as fuel stations, electronics and repair shops. An automobile industry involves producing and selling individual powered vehicles such as trucks, passenger cars, farm equipment and other commercial vehicles. The auto industry has facilitated the growth of infrastructure for long distance commuters, entertainment and shopping, growth of market centers, increased urbanization and industrialization (Burgess, 1980). The industry is also one of the key employers thus contributing to economic growth. Until 2005, the US dominated the world in production of automobile. Majority of the auto dealers in the US were blacksmith and carriage shops. Progress was soon developed when the car replaced the horse and buggy. Blacksmith shops were everywhere in the market cent ers and played the role of serving customers at a great deal. The inventors of automobile industries were engineers like Henry Leland and Henry Ford. Blacksmith shops were service oriented whereas carriage shops required time to time management together with the horses that drew them. Since their goal was to provide exceptional satisfaction to the customers needs, they slowly became auto dealers of servicing their customer’s vehicles. They were able to compete with service stations such as Jiffy Lube, Midas, and Meineke among others. From that time the number of dealers began to increase giving rise to many franchised automobile dealers. This trend went down from 1950 until 2007 (Tuman 19). 3.1 Industry definition The first fifty years saw the industry

Human Resource Management, Employers and the Management of Labour Essay

Human Resource Management, Employers and the Management of Labour - Essay Example The business environment and the way of working of the industry have been undergoing many alterations since the past few decades. Previously managers were only liable for keeping discipline in an organisation. They even did not have a noteworthy role to play in the process of selection and recruiting. But the scenario has been altering and the role of managers has been observed to totally metamorphose. The fundamental reasons behind this metamorphosis were the increasing consciousness between the workers and the abolition of trade unions to a large extent. The other reason was that the managements were no more inflexible and became increasingly agreeable to causes and also adjustable to the progresses in the technological sector (Dalton, 1950). But in the current era, the organisations have realised the magnitude of their human resources as it is with the help of these resources that increased productivity is attained by an organisation. An important feature which needs to be mentioned is that the supervisors in an organisation are referred to as the management and the employees coming in the category of nonsupervisory level are referred to as the labourers in this paper. Labours require working in teams in organisations and thus it is an obvious fact that there would cause differences between themselves. In such circumstances the interference of management is considered quite necessary so as to resolve the issues and maintaining a good working environment (Dalton, 1950). The purpose of this paper would be to assess the labour problems and the rights of the managers along with the differences in the traditional and contemporary practices. Labour Problem and the Need to Resolve It Disputes among the human resources and the m anagement are a known phenomenon. Disputes among the employees could take place due to various reasons and it is in this context that the managers need to take control of the situation. The managers are the one who are being entrusted with the responsibility of solving the disputes. In this context it is important to understand the reasons of dispute among the employees or the human resources first and then the role and need of the managers. The reason for disputes among the labourers and the management in the industries has been categorised into four key divisions which relates to the economic, managerial, political and other causes (Dalton, 1950). It has been learnt that majority of the industrial differences among the labourers and the management has been owing to economic reasons. The prime economic reason has been the problem of low wage. The wage structure in the industries is generally low and so, it gives rise to some grave complexities for the human resources in terms of me eting up to their basic requirements. The human resources want the pay or the wages to be proportionate to the quantity of work done by them. Such wants takes the form of industrial differences and problems. The want for higher pays has been observed to be the most central reason for problems between the labourers and the management (Michael, 1988). The want for extra pays in the form of bonus has been credited to be the other reason for differences arising out of want for pays. The augmenting cost of survival has been the reason for the labourers to claim and put forward their want for extra remuneration as dearness allowances. The increasing prices has been turning out to be triggering the want for dearness allowances and the un-acceptance of such wants by the labourers give rise to these industrial differences. The workforce of an organisation is considered to be an integral division of the production. The

Sources of Errors as a Student, Employee, Business Owner Essay Example for Free

Sources of Errors as a Student, Employee, Business Owner Essay Error Proofing/Poka-Yokes: The most useful mean for the lean incessant improvement is that of poka-yokes. The idea actually is to develop countermeasures that give protection against errors and mistakes that occur in a process. If we follow these countermeasures, we would be considered secure from many errors which can be disastrous for us. The idea to make every aspect of life error proof permeates our education sector, our attitude as employees, and as business owners. 1. Student Errors:Â  * The common error made by the students is to choice their profession, which may not be according to their capabilities and talent. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the profession according to the talent and abilities. * There are students, irregular in their studies because they do not manage a proper schedule for studies. To avoid this, they need to plan for their study goals properly. 2. Employees Errors: * The relationship of an employee with his boss and colleagues matters a lot in understanding his nature of working. He must have the ability to follow the management decisions and direct his subordinates properly. * Violation of rules from the employee’s side. Every organization has its rules and every employees needs to follow these rules in order to work for the benefit of the organization. 3. Business Owner Errors: * Failure of any business is that when business owners don’t set their goals to attain. So in order to avoid the failure there must be strategy and rules. * Business owner may not have strength to get the required quality of work from workers. He must have grip on every aspect of his business. 4. Personal Life Errors: * Some people do not have clarity in their life. It is one of the major error or mistake of life. One must set goals to enjoy a successful life. * Some people are trying to find the shortcuts for enjoying a successful life which may prove fatal for them. Therefore, go for hard work rather to find shortcut paths.

Critics of consequentialism Essay Example for Free

Critics of consequentialism Essay The paper discusses moral consequentialism and evaluates its criticisms. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. The nature of this criticism originates from the widely accepted vision of consequentialism as too permissive and too demanding. The detailed analysis of the philosophic and moral assumptions renders a conclusion that both the permissiveness and demandingness of moral consequentialism are easy to argue and even deny. Whether moral consequentialism requires individuals to do what seems to be the morally wrong act depends on how they interpret these acts and in what conditions these acts are to take place. Briefly, this paper turns moral consequentialism into a conjunction of highly relative and subjective norms/ standards which change their meaning and leave no room for objective judgments. Keywords: moral consequentialism, permissiveness, demandingness, moral, philosophy. Moral Consequentialism Throughout its history, philosophy was always centered on the two major sides of the moral argument: deontological and utilitarian. Most of the time, philosophers found themselves torn between the need to follow the basic rules of the moral conduct and the need to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Today, deontology and utilitarianism/ consequentialism represent the two distinct lines of philosophic thinking and create a vision of continuous philosophic disintegration. Moral consequentialism is, probably, the major topic of the philosophic discussion and the principal object of philosophic criticism. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. This criticism grows from the two most important philosophic assumptions about the permissiveness and excessive (almost extremist) demandingness of moral consequentialism. However, the detailed analysis of these arguments renders a conclusion that both assumptions are easy to deny: as a result, whether moral consequentialism requires individuals to perform acts that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and conditions in which these actions take place. Moral Consequentialism: A Flawed Theory of the Greatest Good Moral consequentialism argues that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the only moral factor that counts in the decisions, which individuals will take for or against particular acts (Kagan, 1998). The consequences of each particular action serve the basic criterion for judging its moral appropriateness. Contrary to deontology, which promotes and emphasizes the importance of rules and norms/ standards an individual is to follow, consequentialism seems to disregard these rules and sacrifices them for the sake of consequences. For this reason, moral consequentialism often becomes the primary object of philosophic criticism. Despite the relevance and importance of moral consequentialism in philosophy, its principles and assumptions are not without their flaws. More often than not, moral consequentialism is being criticized for the lack of adequate moral reasoning and the growing relativity of moral norms and standards, which individuals use to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. McLean and Ellrod (1992) argue that â€Å"consequentialism is hardly a workable form of practical reasoning and calls into question the moral significance of its results† (p. 171). The problem with consequentialism is in that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people by all possible means fails to do full justice to the personal character of the moral duty (McLean Ellrod, 1992). Consequentialism often makes no difference who is to produce the maximum good and who is to become its beneficiary, while this difference is increasingly important and must count in any kind of moral judgments (McLean Ellrod, 1992). In this sense, consequentialism seems to operate in the atmosphere of the misplaced emphases and distorted views regarding morality, because morality is inherently personal and must focus on one’s moral identity. Consequentialism, however, denies the relevance of personal morality against the importance of the public good. The second problem with consequentialism is its functionality and its ability to lead individuals to the best moral conclusions. That consequentialism makes it difficult to arrive to objectively practical judgments is often considered as one of its major flaws (McLean Ellrod, 1992). Here, the two basic problems become obvious. First, the growing relativity of the moral norms and standards deny us an opportunity to judge what the maximum good for the greatest majority is and how we are to achieve it. Second, this very relativity of norms creates a number of conflicts in the process of choosing between several permissible alternatives: whether individuals are to choose the greatest good or the least evil is another point of philosophic argument (McLead Ellrod, 1992). However, even if these flaws are important and deserve attention, they only shape the basis for the profound philosophic analysis of consequentialism and its philosophic criticisms. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. In this sense, two essential elements of moral consequentialism require attention: its overall permissiveness and moral demandingness. Critics of moral consequentialism claim the latter doctrine to be too permissive with regard to the acts and judgments individuals can make to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Others are confident that moral consequentialism imposes extreme (and even extremist) moral requirements on people, and they have but to comply with these requirements to maximize good for the greatest number of people. Moral consequentialism implies that individuals will have to overstep their moral convictions and perform acts that are intuitively wrong. The following sections analyze these two assumptions in more detail. Moral Consequentialism: Permissiveness and the Subjectivity of Judgments Critics of moral consequentialism claim that the latter doctrine may require individuals to do what seems the intuitively immoral act. In other words, moral consequentialism provides individuals with the absolute freedom to choose between acts which, although morally inacceptable, still lead them to achieve or to maximize the public good. â€Å"Because moral consequentialism accepts an inappropriately short list of normative factors, it permits acts that are not in fact morally permissible. [†¦] In short, consequentialism permits too much† (Kagan, 1984). For example, individuals may choose between killing a person and letting a person die simply because a murder or a death will save the lives of ten other people. Always immoral and intuitively wrong, the act of murder here is an excellent example of the permissiveness which moral consequentialism promotes and defends. To make the case more comprehensible, it is interesting to refer to the case of Chuck which Kagan (1998) describes in his book Normative Ethics. Kagan (1998) describes the case of the five patients, each of whom faces equal chances to die unless he can timely obtain an organ transplant. According to Kagan (1998), one patient needs a heart, two other patients need kidneys, one patient needs new lungs, and the fifth patient is in need for a new liver. Because of medical problems and because their tissues are incompatible, these five patients can hardly become donors for each other (Kagan, 1998). Yet, there is Chuck, a young man who comes to the hospital for a regular medical observation and has all organs necessary for the five patients to survive (Kagan, 1998). A surgeon thus faces a dilemma: to kill Chuck and to use his organs or to leave Chuck alive and to let the five patients die. This is the case which emphasizes the inherent permissiveness of moral consequentialism. Moral consequentialism justifies the decision to kill Chuck for the sake of saving the lives of the five patients. In case of killing Chuck, the surgeon will, most likely, achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people: one does not need sophisticated knowledge of mathematics to understand that five lives are more than one. Regardless of the immoral character of murder, the holy goal of saving five lives will overweigh the terrible act of murdering one single person. This is where consequentialism justifies an act which seems to be intuitively wrong but which, nevertheless, helps individuals to achieve the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people. The question is, however, in whether moral consequentialism is always permissible and morally blind and whether the assumption about the moral permissiveness of consequentialism is always objective and justified. It appears that whenever individuals engage in activities that seem intuitively wrong but help them to achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people, all they need is to reconsider and reframe the conditions in which these actions take place, to make them meet the basic requirements of morality. For example, the surgeon may find out that all Chuck’s organs are perfectly healthy and fit all five patients – in this way, he will meet the maximum benefit requirement (Kagan, 1998). The surgeon may kill Chuck secretly, to make his death look like the result of medical complications – in this way, he will avoid difficulties associated with the fact of murder (Kagan, 1998). Finally, the surgeon may pretend that the results of Chuck’s routine medical examination require immediate surgical intervention and that the life of Chuck is under threat – Chuck’s murder will thus look like a moral obligation the surgeon had to fulfill to save Chuck from physical suffering. If that is the case, the surgeon’s decision to kill Chuck will no longer seem intuitively wrong, and moral consequentialism will no longer look too permissive. The question is in whether it is worth killing one healthy person to save the lives of the five patients who, due to their health condition, will still die very soon. What are the chances that the value of their five lives will overweigh the value of Chuck’s life? These are the questions which one can answer only in particular circumstances and conditions. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts that seem to be morally wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what particular conditions these actions take place. Moral Consequentialism, Demandingness, and the Value of Denial Critics argue that in particular conditions, moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts which seem to be morally wrong. This criticism originates from the assumption that moral consequentialism is inherently demanding and imposes too many moral obligations on individuals, even if the former go against the basic moral principles and individual convictions. Actually, moral demandingness of consequentialism is the notorious topic of discussion. Critics of consequentialism assume that moral consequentialism obligates people to make sacrifices that go beyond the limits of commonsense morality (Baier, 1958). For example, societies tend to believe that rich and better off society members are morally obliged to give up a share of their wealth to support those in need. Others are confident that, under the influence of consequentialism, individuals must make the largest possible contribution to the overall good regardless of the sacrifice such a contribution may incur (Kagan, 1984). Kagan (1984) even claims that â€Å"there is no limit to the sacrifices that morality can require; and agents are never permitted to favor their own interests at the expense of the greater good† (p. 239). Mulgan (2001) calls these claims as extremist and admits that at times the overall demandingness of moral consequentialism will make individuals perform acts that seem morally wrong. In his book The Demands of Consequentialism, Tim Mulgan (2001) provides a short tale: Clare, Amy, and Bob are sitting in the living room when a space alien enters their apartment in the striving to devour Clare (p. 154). The only way the company can save Clare from the tragedy is to cut away Amy’s arm and to throw it into the alien (Mulgan, 2001). The act will distract the alien and will give Clare more time to escape; meanwhile, Bob will find his weapons and will vaporize the newcomer (Mulgan, 2001). For Amy, who is to sacrifice her arm to save the lives of her friends, the decision will, naturally, seem inacceptable and intuitively wrong. However, because this is the only way for her to save the life of Clare and to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people, Amy will be pressured by the moral requirement to sacrifice her arm. The moral unacceptability of the decision to chop off Amy’s arm will become even more obvious in case Bob is the one to make it for her. If Amy is not obliged to sacrifice her arm but is only permitted to do so, Bob can readily become the one responsible for the mission of cutting off Amy’s arm and saving his company from the alien. Mulgan (2001) recognizes that in this case, Bob is allowed to chop Amy’s arm, to save his own and the life of Clare, even if this act seems morally wrong to him. In this case, the demandingness of moral consequentialism will reach the point, where individuals have the right to force other individuals to make sacrifices if they decide to refrain from such actions (Mulgan, 2001). Here, moral consequentialism becomes both permissive and demanding, and makes individuals engage in actions which seem to be intuitively wrong. Again, the extent to which this sacrifice is suboptimal is difficult to define. Whether the decision to chop off Amy’s arm is intuitively wrong will depend on a number of circumstances. It will depend on how the person himself judges his own actions and decisions. For example, there is always a distinction between subjective expectations and objective probabilities that particular actions will lead to specific consequences (Mulgan, 2001). Bob may believe that his decision to chop off Amy’s arm will cause her unbearable pain and will thus refrain from cutting off her arm. In reality, however, Amy may accept the need to get rid of her arm for the sake of saving the lives of her friends. In a similar vein, Bob may choose to interpret the decision to chop off Amy’s arm as the action with the lowest probability to cause harm to Clare and which also causes the least evil compared with other alternatives. Based on whether Bob views his decisions as the greatest good or the least evil, moral consequentialism will look more or less demanding. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place. Conclusion In broad terms, moral consequentialism claims that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the only moral factor that counts in judging the righteousness and moral acceptability of each particular action. Critics often argue that moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions which are morally wrong. The nature of this criticism originates from the assumptions about the excessive permissiveness and demandingness of moral consequentialism. However, the current analysis confirms that whether moral consequentialism pushes individuals to perform actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place. Despite relative demandingness and permissiveness, moral consequentialism always leaves much room for subjectivity and provides individuals with an opportunity to change their opinions and the opinions of others about the moral character of their actions and decisions. References Baier, K. (1958). The moral point of view: A rational basis of ethics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Kagan, S. (1984). Does consequentialism demand too much? Recent work on the limits of obligation. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 13(3), 239-254. Kagan, S. (1998). Normative ethics. Colorado: Westview Press. McLean, G. F. Ellrod, F. E. (1992). Philosophical foundations for moral education and character development: Act and agent. CRVP. Mulgan, T. (2001). The demands of consequentialism. Oxford University Press.

Why is strategic change so difficult to manage in my organization?

Why is strategic change so difficult to manage in my organization? Looking that evolution and the way things happen, it is possible and easy to say that nothing in this life last forever. Human beings come and go, over the course of our lives we change from kids to teenager to adults . In order to succeed a and make progress, every organization need to make changes. Irrespective of how powerful and successful a an organization, and irrespective of how much sustained success the organization has had, there is a need for change which is inevitable and ever present to ensure sustainable and continuous levels of success in the company. The need for change can be ignited by a change in environment brought about by changes in customers taste, changes or advancements in technology, increase or changes in the level of competition or exogenous factors, things which are totally out of the control of management of the organization for example the occurrence natural disasters is totally our of the control of management of an organization. Change can also be brought about as a result of the organizations own success. Growth and market success will inevitable lead to changes in organizational size and complexities. The main secret to long term success is the company or organizations ability to adapt to change. Many organizations tend to develop long term success formulas or successful business models that last for a particular period of time. As time goes by, the business environment as well as conditions with in the organization itself can change. In order for the organizations to maintain its level of success, it has to be able to adapt to the required level of change. Over time it has been proven that if the organization is able to adapt to changes in its environment, it will be able to flourish. Similarly, if the company is not able to adapt to changes in its environment, it will definitely experience difficulties, and irrespective of the amount of resources that it has or its current market share, the company can fail. This demise can occur rapidly or it can come about slowly. It is really important to not that the process of change can never be easy. The process of change more often than not is complicated and in most cases slow and painful. Depending of the variable, which has initiated the change, the process will come into effect at its own pace. If things don not go the way management is expecting, they can be pulled into n uncomfortable position Human being as much as business organizations do not like change, as such the very important question that we will have to answer here is how much pain is an organization wiling to take in order to bring into existence the change variable Strategic change over time has been given different definitions . Strategic change therefore could be considered as changes in the composition of a firms strategy as per it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s synergies, competitive advantages, scope, and resource deployment. It can also be looked at as the difference in the quality, state or form of an organization trying to align itself with the external environment. Looking at the definition of strategic change that we have just given above, it is clear that the process of implementing strategic change in any organization is clearly affected by the state of the firms themselves and the external environment. the performance of firms is greatly dependent on a mixture of the firms themselves and the external environment, the emergence of new opportunities therefore and the existence of threats in the existing environment, requires that firms are constantly changing in order to adapt to these changes in their environments. It is important here to note th at strategic change is greatly affected by the state of the organization or company in question. For example, firms will adopt a new strategy in the face of financial distress. This main aim of this is to try to reverse the financially distressing situation to the company. Some companies tend to have structural inertia, as such in implementing strategic change, they tend to keep their previous strategy and structure. On a whole therefore, there are seven important point to note about strategic change. Firstly, in order for strategic change to take place, the business has to adapt to its existing environment., secondly, strategic change is complex and fluid and it creates new combinations and generates situational questions that might require non repetitive answers. Nextly, it affects all of the business by providing direction, as well as involving both content and process which can also be referred to as strategy formation and strategy implementation. Strategic change is partially p lanned and partially unplanned so that it can account for any other unforeseen circumstances that arise, also for strategic change to be effectively carried out, it has to be effectuated at all level of the organization. Strategic change should also be a well though out and conceptual process. Managers leading change have to take three things into account when carrying out the change. Firstly, the requirements for major changes in an organizations is a shift the the existing culture of the company as well as a change in the behavior of employees. A lot of initiatives for change fail because they do not deliver a shift by dealing with the cultural and political reality of the company. Nextly, in order that strategic change is successful, it needs to be designed to fit in with the organizational context. Change more often than not is a very complex process; as such companies need to find a way with in which the required change can be adapted to the organizations structure. A lot of companies try to buy readymade solutions to their problems and because these are not designed with the particular structure of their organization in mind. They tend to face difficulties. Lastly, organizations and the decisions that are made in them , are made by people. As such for change to be effectively implemented the people in these organizations have to change their attitudes and perceptions about the way business is done. An intrinsic part of the change process is the organizations employees. In the case of British airways, there are a couple of things that might trigger a need for strategic change. There might be exogenous factors such as a rise in the price of raw material, for example, a rise in the price of oil, will inevitable lead o a rise in the price of gas. In order to adapt to this new changes in the business playing , and in order not to probably transfer these rises to ticket prices which is going to prevent middle line BA customers from switching and looking for a cheaper alternative, as manager in BA I might have to initiate other cost cutting techniques to be able to live up to and meet up with the necessary financial cost and still be as competitive as possible in ticket pricing. Other things that might trigger a strategic change include things such as employees demanding a pay rise, general economic crisis like the one which occurred in late 2008 and affected every sector of the economy, there might be an advancement in technology, maybe the development o f ore fuel efficient planes, can in order maybe to adjust and fit in to this new market various things have to be done. In order to effectively handle change at an organization like BA, there must be very good leaders in place so they can assist in leading employees through the change process. In order for change to be successful , people with the ability to successfully implement change are needed. It has been noted that serious change isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t possible unless the people at the top of the organization are in support of the changes which are supposed to be going through. In a successful transformation, majority of the people on the board , departmental heads and a good number of other employees have to commit to pull together and improve performances. It is important for manager at the top of BA to realize that in order to demand a change from employees in the company, they themselves have to be model for the change that they are advocating for. If they expect a high standard from their employee, then they themselves have to be a model for that high standard. If the change involves cost cutting and they think that employees have to take a pay cut, they themselves as managers of the company have to take a pay cut. In order for change to be implemented in the organization, management has to address and assess the human concern. BA claims to put people first, the reason for this is that people are the greatest asset of BA. The change implementers at BA need to be aware and able to invest effort and time into understanding the human concern and as much as they can, put themselves in the positions of the people who will be affected by any decisions that will be taken be it employees or customers. Communication is a very important tool for change. As much communications as possible is important as change sometimes can lead to fear of job losses, it can foster uncertainty and this can destabilize the whole change process. Management of BA as much as possible has to encourage and communicate with employees making them aware of the fact that they will be given every consideration and will be probably trained to do things in the new better way. It is important for managers to know that the extend of strategic change implemented is very important. Even though it is really difficult to determine how much change or how fast change comes to an organization, it is necessary as a manager to note that change implemented at a very fast rate can instead work against the best interest of the company. Can be implemented too fast can destroy the moral of the employees and it has been know to cause employees to get sick. Even though some change is beyond out control, it is important that change should not be piled up on change. The management of BA therefore has to realize that too much change is an issue and they therefore have to set up an adequate timeframe within which change can be achieved. It might to an extend be a good idea to bounce idea of your employees if change you are trying to implement is a function of your control. Change is divided into four categories, realignment, incremental, big bang and transformational change. I n order for an organization to implement transformational change, it has to change the people in an organization. To change the culture of an organization, the way people think and work has to be changed. In order to help management Like BA management design a context sensitive approach to change with in their organization, the kaliedoscope was created. The kaleidoscope features things which are related to the companies culture, current situation and competencies. The strategic organizational change concept is defined by aspects such as the time frame with in which the change has to take place, the scope of the change , preservation, diversity, capability capacity readiness and power. The time frame of the concept with regards to BA will be talking about things should as the length of time required to implement change in the organization, for example, if an organization is in crisis, then they need less time to change while if its a long term development strategy, the managements has more time to implement the change. When implementing the change, management has to take into consideration what aspect of the old structure need to be preserved, what need to remain and what needs to be c hanged. The scope of the change deals with the extend to which change will be implemented and how much of the organization will be affected by the changes coming into effect. Capabilities of the individual employees, management and the organization have to be taken in to consideration. The ability of staff to deal with these changes, the ability of management to see staff through these changes and the availability of organizational resources to manage these changes greatly determines the extent to which change is implemented. Before a change approach is selected, it is important that the organization chooses the path change is going to take, the point at which change should start, the style change should take, the levers and mechanisms to be employed, and the role that people in the organization are going to play in order to effectuate change. Management of BA have to take this into consideration, they have to as much as possible ensure that change leadership is set up right. They have to make sure that management is in the right position to see change through. In order for management to be able to lead change through, they have to take into consideration the values of the employees in the company and the ethnic and diversity issues which can be brought about as a result of change being implemented. Management leading change have to make sure that in designing and seeing the process of change through, they do not trample upon peoples ethical values or do things in such a way that the ethnic minority for example feel discriminated against. If that happens, moral levels in the company might drop and some employees might be left feeling frustrated at the change, which is being implemented. It is important therefore to note that in order for change to be implemented in an organization like British airways, it is necessary for management to have open and effective communication with its staff, management should ensure that training and retraining programs have been set up so that staff can learn and get integrated in the change structure, Managing an organization is all about managing people, as such I think it is important for management to be able to motivate its staff. Preventing them from getting frustrated is integral to the strategic change process. The business and organizational environment is constantly changing, as such it s really important for every organization, to keep on changing in order to succeed. Learning to adapt to change is a very necessary ingredient to be able to thrive in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business world as such organizations should be able to learn and continuously adapt to everyday changes. In conclusion therefore, it can be said that strategic change is difficult to manage in an organization mainly due to the fact that organizations are all about people, and every human being is different in their own way. However, with the right leadership qualities at the helm of an organization, proper communication plan of the change strategy put in place and adequate availability of organizational resources strategic change can be implemented.

Essay --

What is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is brain disorder that makes it hard to see the difference between reality and imagination, have normal emotional responses, and act normal in social situations. Schizophrenia is relatively young, it has only been around for less than 100 years. It was first discovered by Dr. Emile Kraeplin in 1887. He believed it was a mental illness. A few documents take Schizophrenia’s origins back to Egypt during the Pharaoh’s rule around 1550 B.C. People originally thought schizophrenia was simply madness, and usually associated it with madness, even though it is quite different from madness. Symptoms of this disease include Positive symptoms, which are: hallucinations, or things that someone can see, feel, smell, or hear that do not really exist. Many people hear voices inside their heads, see people that are not there, or smell odors no one else smells. Delusions are another symptom, also known as bizarre beliefs, these may include paranoid de lusions also, which are delusions that tell the person that others are trying to hurt them. Thought Disorders are a symptom in which the person thinks unusually or dysfunctionally. Movement disorders may be present in schizophrenic people, they may seem like twitches or small, sharp, and sudden movements. Schizophrenia’s â€Å"negative symptoms† are harder to recognize. These include the flat affect, in which the persons face doesn’t move and the voice is droning. The lack of pleasure in life is another once, along with the lack of ability to start and sustain activities, and little speech. These symptoms prevent or block the person from living a normal life because they cause social, physical, and emotional, and mental problems. This may lead to psychosis, insanity, or ... ...ients that suffer severe symptoms. The most common treatment is a combination of medicine and therapy. Where the patient engages in individual psychotherapy with a therapist, rehabilitation, family education, or self help groups. These therapies usually help people cope with schizophrenia and its effects. At this time there is no cure for schizophrenia, there are very effective treatments and medications. Research is being conducted to help scientists understand the disorder better and is being used to try to treat schizophrenia permanently. The only way this is possible is with the use of new treatments, such as new experimental drugs and electrotherapy. No treatments today are preventative nor do they permanently â€Å"cure† schizophrenia, but we can look to the bright future for the development of a new treatment option that could potentially fully cure schizophrenia.

Hitcher, Education For Leisure, My Last Duchess, and The Lab Essay

Hitcher, Education For Leisure, My Last Duchess, and The Lab "Hitcher" By Simon Armitage, "Education For Leisure" By Carol Anne Duffy, "My Last Duchess" and "The Lab" by Robert Browning are all poems that deal with violence or the prospect of violence. "Hitcher" is a poem about a man who is angry at being threatened with the sack, he picks up a hitch-hiker and kills him and then leaves him on the road side. The poetic voice seems to be psychotic and also talks about the attack in a casual manner. "Ed for Leisure" also deals with a bitter person who feels he has been let down by society. As he becomes increasingly demotivated, he gets more and more violent ending with leaving the house with a bread knife. Both poets aim to show us that people are unpredictable and innocent people often fall victim to anger that has gone too far. Both of the poems are arranged in stanzas, "Hitcher" contains some full and half rhyme to keep the poem moving but "Education for Leisure" is in free verse with short abrupt lines showing the characters irrational mind. Both authors ch...

America, Russia, and the Cold War Essay -- essays research papers

America, Russia, and the Cold War The origins of the Cold War came about when United States President Harry Truman issued his Truman Doctrine. This doctrine stated that the United States would support â€Å"free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.† This would end up being the foundation of the U. S. involvement in the Cold War. The main idea of the doctrine was to support nations in the resistance of communism. Truman felt that if one nation fell to communism then this would lead to a â€Å"domino effect† resulting in many other nations in the region falling to communism. The greatest fear was that the Soviet Union would spread communism throughout the world thus the reason for the policy of containment. Truman felt it necessary to also provide economic aid to nations that surrounded the Soviet Union. The idea being that they would create a ring of Allies that would contain the threat of the Soviet influence of communism. Economic support would be given and if necessary military support as well. The basis for this economic aid was presented in the Marshall Plan. This plan called for $16 billion in economic aid to be used in the reconstruction of Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In April of 1949 nations from North America and Western Europe signed a treaty that stated if the Soviet Union attacked any of the Allies it would be considered an attack against the U. S. itself. In what was perceived as an escalating threat from the NATO alliance, the Soviets created a military alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact, with Eastern European Soviet bloc countries in May of 1955.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the Cold War there were numerous incidents on both sides which exacerbated the threat of an all out war. However, there were also several attempts at bringing about an end to the Cold War. One of the greater attempts came from Georgi Malenkov following the death of Stalin in 1953. Stalin had previously appointed several young fanatical Stalinists in a new politburo called the Party Presidium. This move limited the power that Malenkov and Nikita Krushchev had while at the same time giving more power to Stalin. Immediately following Stalin’s death Malenkov cut membership in the new politburo and threw out the young recently appointed Stalinists. Malenkov also announced that any new policies would come from... ...e Soviet Union and at the end of the Cold War became independent nations. The Soviet Union would frequently engage in wars by proxy such as the Vietnam and Korean wars. They also invaded many border nations such as Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ultimately, I believe that Mikhail Gorbachev had the greatest impact in bringing about the end of the Cold War with his sweeping changes to foreign policy, the economy, and the Soviet political system. He took the lead when it came to negotiating arms reductions with Reagan and when inviting new partnerships with Western corporations. Before Gorbachev was in power Reagan was committed to restarting the arms race. Later Reagan followed suit when Gorbachev led the way in the reduction of arms. The policy of the Reagan Doctrine was to fund and support resistance groups while Gorbachev worked instead to pull Soviet troops out of Afghanistan and worked to stop the U. S. supported revolt in Angola. Unfortunately, the damage that was done by the Cold War was severe and we will be working for decades to overcome the problems it created and will likely continue to create in both national security and foreign policy.

Compare the opening of the novel ‘Jaws’ with the opening of the film

The opening of the novel is at the beginning very quiet and kind of strange, it describes the shark ‘Jaws' as the great fish and it describes how it moves ‘propelled by short sweeps of it's crescent tail. It raises a kind of tension already because you don't yet know what is going to happen and that is quiet scary in itself. It makes out that it is a very dark environment and that makes it more scary as well. It said that the fish survived only by moving and it was bearing water through it's gills, the graphic of what the shark is doing and how it is moving is very detailed. We do not know where it is yet but we can guess because it is a fish so it must be in the sea, the sea is described as the night water so that emphasises the darkness of the sea which creates more tension. When the woman says she is going for a swim the audience doesn't want her to because they know something is going to happen to her because of the opening scene of the shark underwater. When she does go in and keeps going deeper, you know that something bad is going to happen to her. Even if she doesn't know that, and because the novel says that she can't swim very well, you get worried that she won't be able to get away from danger. The tension rises when danger gets closer and when it hits the graphic of the situation is very, very detailed. ‘Her groping fingers had found a nub of bone and tattered flesh' it says, after that the lady dies and the man is asleep, being very vulnerable. Give a detailed description of the opening of the film. Explain what media / film devices Steven Spielberg uses and what affect they have upon the audience. At the beginning of the film there is a dolphin like sound then the ‘Jaws' theme music, it is a scary type of music, it could make tension in a different scene, but not at the beginning because nothing is happening. Stephen Spielberg put the view in the sharks perspective, it is an underwater view of the great fish swimming along. He bit after that changes to a nice, calm scene of a beach party, there is a lot of people there so that shows safety, everyone is safe there. It shows everyone having a good time and it has lively, fun music on too, the camera then turns to look at a man, then the lady, then the man. The man goes over to the lady and they start talking, the lady gets up and goes over to the sea to have a swim, the man follows, this raises a bit of tension because the lady is going into the sea which is unwelcoming, dark and sinister. The camera pans out to a big picture of the sea that looks very evil. The man on the beach falls to sleep because he was drunk but the lady is still in the sea. She swims deeper and then you see a big picture of the sea and the lady swimming and she puts her leg in the air and then goes underwater, I think Stephen Spielberg did this to represent the dorsal fin of a shark, the tension is still rising at this point as you can feel her getting closer to danger. The view suddenly turns to the fish's perspective again and the same scary, weird music is put on, it shows the fish looking up at the swimming lady from below, after a few more seconds it goes back to the view of the lady and she takes a deep breath very quickly, she gasps a few times then starts screaming, the music is even loader now and the fish pulls her across, she grabs onto a buoy and it rings loader than it had been, she gets dragged along the water a few more times then she dies. The drunken man had fallen asleep on the beach, knowing nothing about what had just gone on, a very vulnerable man. The camera shot goes back to the man, asleep on the beach with the sun just coming up beside him and the tips of the waves surrounding him. Similarities about the novel and film At the start of the film the first simile is that it is obvious that the girls name is Christie and it is in the film too. He man falls asleep in both of them although they both seem very different when you are reading and watching them. As, as before the man doesn't have a name in the novel or film, at the beginning and near when Christie gets killed it is in the sharks perspective. As in the book, the shark is described a great fish, this rises the tension a bit as well. At the end of the opening sequences returns a sense of calm, both novel and film have symbolic uses of dark and light. Again, both the novel and film are alternate between the shark and the woman – the camera shots in the film and the paragraphs in the novel get shorter and speed up. The perspective and style of the attack is similar because the woman is pulled and dragged in the water. Differences between the novel ‘Jaws' and the film As you would find out if you read the novel you will see that the graphic of the attack at the beginning is outstanding, it is scary and maybe terrifying. In the film there is not as much graphic and it is not as scary because of that. When the attack is taking place in the film the buoy is an important feature because it symbolises that no-one can hear her and that she is in great danger. In the film there is a larger group at the beach party, this symbolises safety in numbers and in the novel there is only two people at the beach. Because there is a lot of people in the film it adds to the honour and there is a lot of potential resources. This also lets the audience identify themselves with the scene. The novel seems and most properly is colder and more scientific than the film because the film can't make use of the writing that the novel has. In the film the music adds to the mounting of tension and suspense but in the novel you have to use your imagination. In the film the music tone is threatening and sinister. In the novel, the house and lights in it represent hope and security but in the film it is the fire and the beach party.